Confirmed Fix for Intel HD 4000 (X11) on 2012 Mac Mini

 The Confirmed Fix for Intel HD 4000 (X11)

Open your terminal.

1. Create the Xorg configuration directory if it doesn't already exist:
   bash

   sudo mkdir -p /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
   

   Use code with caution.
2. Create and edit the configuration file using nano (or another text editor like vim or kate):
   bash

   sudo nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-intel.conf
   

   Use code with caution.
3. Paste this exact text into the file:

   Section "Device"
       Identifier "Intel Graphics"
       Driver "modesetting"
       Option "TearFree" "true"
   EndSection
   

4. Save the file (Ctrl+O then Enter in nano) and exit (Ctrl+X in nano).
5. Reboot your computer.

This forces your Intel driver to manage VSync at the driver level for all applications running on X11, which reliably resolves tearing issues for this specific GPU model.